Organic Evolution Has Never Been Observed.
1. The Law of Biogenesis
Spontaneous generation (the emergence of life from nonliving matter) has never been observed. All observations have shown that life comes only from life. This has been observed so consistently that it is called the law of biogenesis. The theory of evolution conflicts with this law by claiming that life came from nonliving matter through natural processes.a
2. Acquired Characteristics
Acquired characteristics cannot be inherited.a For example, the long necks of giraffes did not result from their ancestors stretching their necks to reach high leaves. Nor can the large muscles acquired by a man in a weight lifting program be inherited by his child.
3. Mendel's Laws
Mendel's laws of genetics and their modem-day refinements explain almost all physical variations observed in living things. Mendel discovered that genes (the units of heredity) are merely reshuffled from one generation to another. Different combinations are formed, not different genes. The different combinations produce the many variations within each kind of life, such as in the dog family. (See Figure 3 on page 4.) A logical consequence of Mendel's laws is that there are limits to such variation.a Breeding experimentsb and common observations" have also confirmed these boundaries.
Figure 4: Microevolution vs. Macroevolution. Notice that macroevolution would require an upward change in the complexity of certain traits and organs. Microevolution only involves horizontal changes, or no increasing complexity. Since science should always base its conclusions on what is seen and reproducible, what can be observed? We see variations in lizards, four of which are shown at the bottom. We also see birds, represented at the top. The inbetween forms (or intermediates), which should be vast in number if macroevolution occurred, are never seen-as fossils or living species. Ever since Darwin, evolutionists have had to make excuses for why the world and our fossil museums are not overflowing with intermediates.
4. Bounded Variations
While Mendel's laws give a theoretical explanation for why variations are limited, there is broad experimental verification as well. For example, if evolution happened, organisms (such as bacteria) that quickly produce the most offspring should have the most variations and mutations. Natural selection would then select the more favorable changes, allowing them to survive, reproduce, and pass on their beneficial genes. Their offspring should tend to inherit short reproduction cycles and produce many "children." We see the opposite. In general, more complex organisms, such as humans, have fewer offspring and longer reproduction cycles.a Again, it appears that variations within existing kinds of organisms are bounded.
5. Natural Selection
Natural selection cannot produce new genes; it only selects among preexisting characteristics.a For example, many have mistakenly believed that resistances "evolved" in response to pesticides and antibiotics. Instead, a few resistant insects and bacteria were already present when the pesticides and antibiotics were first applied. The vulnerable insects and bacteria were killed, allowing resistant varieties, which then had less competition, to proliferate. While natural selection occurred, nothing evolved and, in fact, some biodiversity was lost.b
The variations Darwin observed among finches on different Galapagos islands is another example of natural selection producing micro- (not macro-) evolution. In other words, while natural selection sometimes explains the survival of the fittest, it does not explain the origin of the fittest.c Actually, natural selection prevents major evolutionary changes.d
6. Mutations
Mutations are the only known means by which new genetic material becomes available for evolution.a Rarely, if ever, is a mutation beneficial to an organism in its natural environment. Almost all observable mutations are harmful; some are meaningless; many are lethal.b No known mutation has ever produced a form of life having greater complexity and viability than its ancestors.c
7. Fruit lies
More than ninety yearsa of fruit fly experiments, involving 3,000 consecutive generations, give absolutely no basis for believing that any natural or artificial process can cause an increase in complexity and viability. No clear genetic improvement has ever been observed in any form of life, despite the many unnatural efforts to increase mutation ratesb.
8. Complex Organs
There is no reason to believe that mutations or any natural process could ever produce any new organs-especially those as complex as the eyea, the ear, or the brainb. For example, an adult human brain contains over 1014 (a hundred thousand billion) electrical connectionsc, more than all the electrical connections in all the electrical appliances in the world. Just the human heart, a tenounce pump that will operate without maintenance or lubrication for about 75 years, is an engineering marveld.
9. Fully-Developed Organs
All species appear completely developed, not partially developed. They show design.a There are no examples of half-developed feathers, eyesb, skin, tubes (arteries, veins, intestines, etc.), or any of thousands of other vital organs. Tubes that are not 100% complete are a liability; so are partially developed organs. For example, if a leg of a reptile were to evolve into a wing of a bird, it would become a bad leg long before it became a good wingc. (See Figure 4.)
Figure 5: Duckbilled Platypus. The duckbilled platypus is only found in Tasmania and eastern Australia. European scientists who first studied platypus specimens thought some clever taxidermist had stitched together parts of different animals. Its "patchwork" appearance is only seen by those who believe each animal must have close similarities with other animals. Actually, the platypus is perfectly designed for his environment.
10. Distinct Types
If evolution happened, one would expect to see gradual transitions among many living things. For example, variations of dogs might blend in with variations of cats. Actually, some animals, such as the duckbilled platypus, have organs completely unrelated to their alleged evolutionary ancestors. The platypus has fur, is warm-blooded, and suckles its young like mammals. It lays leathery eggs, has a single ventral opening (for elimination, mating, and birth), and has claws and a shoulder girdle like most reptiles. The platypus can detect electrical currents (a.c. and d.c.) like some fish, and has a bill like a duck (a bird). It has webbed forefeet like an otter, a flat tail like a beaver, and the male can inject poisonous venom like a pit viper. Such "patchwork" animals and plants, called mosaics, have no logical place on the evolutionary tree.
There is no direct evidence that any major group of animals or plants arose from any other major groupa. Species are only observed going out of existence (extinctions), never coming into existenceb .
11. Altruism
Many animals, including humans, will endanger or even sacrifice their lives to save another—sometimes the life of a member of a completely different species a. According to evolution theory, natural selection, which supposedly explains all individual characteristics, should eliminate such altruistic, or sacrificial, behavior. How could risky behavior that only benefits another ever be inherited, since its possession tends to prevent the altruistic individual from passing on its genes for altruism? b If evolution is correct, selfish behavior should have completely eliminated unselfish behavior. Further, cheating and aggressiveness would have "weeded out" cooperation. Altruism contradicts evolution c.
Figure 6: Mars Lander. Many people, including Carl Sagan, predicted that life would be found on Mars. Their rationale was that since life evolved on Earth, some form of life must have evolved on Mars. That prediction proved to be false. The arms of the Mars Lander, shown above, sampled the Martian soil. The sophisticated test performed on those samples did not even find a trace of a germ.
12. Extraterrestrial Life?
No verified form of extraterrestrial life of any kind has ever been observed, if evolution had occurred on earth, one would expect that at least simple forms of life, such as microbes, would have been found by the elaborate experiments sent to the moon and Mars.
13. Languages
Nonhumans communicate, but not with language. True language requires both vocabulary and grammar. With great effort, human trainers have taught some chimpanzees to recognize a few hundred spoken words, to point to up to 200 symbols, and to make limited hand signs. These impressive feats are sometimes exaggerated by capturing and editing the animals' successes on film. (Some early demonstrations were flawed by the trainer's hidden promptings a.)
Chimpanzees have not demonstrated these skills in the wild and do not pass their skills on to other chimpanzees. When a trained chimp dies, so does the trainer's investment. Also, trained chimps have essentially no grammatical ability. Only with grammar can a few words express many ideas. No evidence exists that language evolves in nonhumans.
Did language evolve in humans? Charles Darwin claimed it did. If so, the earliest languages should be the simplest. On the contrary, language studies reveal that the more ancient the language (for example: Latin, 200 B.C.; Greek, 800 B.C.; and Vedic Sanskrit, 1500 B.C.), the more complex it is with respect to syntax, case, gender, mood, voice, tense, and verb form. The best evidence indicates that languages devolve; that is, they become simpler rather than more complex b. Most linguists reject the idea that simple languages evolve into complex languages c.
14. Speech
Speech is uniquely human a. Furthermore, studies of 36 documented cases of children raised without human contact (feral children) show that speech appears to be learned only from other humans. Apparently, humans do not automatically speak. If this is so, the first humans must have been endowed with a speaking ability. There is no evidence that speech has evolved b.
15. Codes and Programs
In our experience, codes are produced only by intelligence, not by natural processes or chance. A code is a set of rules for converting information from one useful form to another. Examples include the Morse Code and Braille. The genetic material that controls the physical processes of life is coded information. It also is accompanied by elaborate transmission, translation, and duplication systems, without which the genetic material would be useless, and life would cease. Therefore, it seems most reasonable to conclude that the genetic code, the accompanying transmission, translation, and duplication systems, and all living organisms were produced by an extremely high level of intelligence using nonnatural (or supernatural) processes.
Likewise, no natural process has ever been observed to produce a program. A program is a planned sequence of steps to accomplish some goal. Computer programs are common examples. The information stored in the genetic material of all life is a complex program. Since programs are not produced by chance or natural processes, the most probable conclusion is that some intelligent, super- natural source developed these programs.
16. Information
All isolated systems contain specific, but perishable, amounts of informationa. No isolated, nontrivial system has ever been observed to spontaneously increase its information content. Natural processes, without exception, destroy information. Only outside intelligence can increase the information content of an otherwise isolated system. All scientific observations are consistent with this generalization, which has three corollaries or consequences:
| Macroevolution cannot occur. b |
| Outside intelligence was involved in the creation of the universe and all forms of life. c |
| A "big bang" did not and could not precede life. d |
