The Arguments for Evolution Are Outdated and Often Illogical.
17. A Common Designer
It is illogical to maintain that similarities between different forms of life always imply a common ancestor;a they may imply a common designer. In fact, in cases where experiments have shown that similar structures are controlled by different genesb or developed from different parts of embryosc, a common designer is the more likely explanation.
18. Vestigial Organs
The existence of human organs whose function is unknown does not imply that they are vestiges of organs inherited from our evolutionary ancestors a. As medical knowledge has increased, at least some functions of all organs have been discovered b. For example, the human appendix was once thought to be a useless remnant from our evolutionary past. Today it is known that the appendix plays a role in antibody production and protects part of the intestine from infections. Its removal also increases a person's susceptibility to leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, cancer of the colon, and cancer of the ovaries. Indeed, the absence of true vestigial organs implies that evolution never happened.
19. Two-Celled Life?
Many single-celled forms of life exist, but there are no known forms of animal life with 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells a. Even the forms of life with 6-20 cells are parasites. They must have a complex animal as a host to provide such functions as digestion and respiration. If macroevolution happened, one should find many forms of life with 2-20 cells as transitional forms between one-celled and many-celled organisms.
20. Embryology
As an embryo develops, it does not repeat an evolutionary sequence. Embryologists no longer consider the superficial similarities that exist between a few embryos and the adult forms of simpler animals as evidence for evolutiona. It is now known that Ernst Haeckel, who popularized this incorrect but widespread belief, deliberately falsified his drawings b.
21. Rapid Burial
Fossils all over the world show evidences of rapid burial. Many fossils, such as fossilized jellyfish,a show by the details of their soft, fleshy portionsb that they were buried rapidly, before they could decay. Many other animals, buried in mass graves and in twisted and contorted positions, suggest violent and rapid burials over large areasc. These observations, together with the occurrence of compressed fossils and fossils that cut across two or more layers of sedimentary rock, are strong evidence that the sediments encasing these fossils were deposited rapidly-not over hundreds of millions of years. Further more, almost all sediments were sorted by water. The worldwide fossil record is, therefore, evidence of the rapid death and burial of animal and plant life by a worldwide, catastrophic flood. The fossil record is not evidence of slow change.d
22. Parallel Strata
The earth's sedimentary layers typically lie parallel to adjacent layers. Such uniform layers are seen, for example, in the Grand Canyon and in road cuts in mountainous terrain. Had these parallel layers been deposited slowly over thousands of years, erosion would have cut many channels in the topmost layers. Their subsequent burial by other sediments would produce nonparallel patterns. Since parallel layers are the general rule, and the earth's surface erodes rapidly, one can conclude that almost all sedimentary layers were deposited rapidly relative to the local erosion rate-not over long periods of time.
23. Fossil Gaps
If evolution happened, the fossil record should show continuous and gradual changes from the bottom to the top layers. Actually, many gaps or discontinuities appear throughout the fossil record a. Fossil links are missing between numerous plantsb, between single-celled forms of life and invertebrates, between invertebrates and vertebratesc between fish and amphibiansd between amphibians and reptilese between reptiles and mammals,f between reptiles and birds,g between primates and other mammals,h and between apes and other primates.i The fossil record has been studied so thoroughly that it is safe to conclude that these gaps are real; they will never be filled.j (See What Was Archaeopteryx? on page 152.)
24. Missing Trunk
The evolutionary tree has no trunk. In the earliest part of the fossil record (generally the Cambrian sedimentary rock layers), life appears suddenly, full-blown, complex, diversified,a and dispersed.b Complex species, such as fish,c worms, corals, trilobites, jellyfish,d sponges, mollusks, and brachiopods appear suddenly, with no known sign anywhere on earth of gradual development from simpler forms. These layers contain representatives of all plant and animal phyla, including flowering plants, e vascular plants,f and vertebrates (animals with backbones)g Insects, a class comprising four-fifths of all known animals (living and extinct), have no evolutionary ancestors.h The fossil record does not support evolution.i
25. Out-of-Place Fossils
The vertical sequencing of fossils is frequently not in the assumed evolutionary order.a For example, in Uzbekistan, 86 consecutive hoofprints of horses were found in rocks dating back to the dinosaurs.b Dinosaur and humanlike footprints have been found together in Turkmeniac and in Arizona.d Sometimes, land animals, flying animals, and marine animals are fossilized side-by-side in the same rocke Dinosaur, whale, elephant, horse, and many other fossils, plus crude human tools, have reportedly been found in the phosphate beds of South Carolina.f In the Grand Canyon,g in Venezuela, and in Guyana,h spores of ferns and pollen from flowering plants are found in Precambrian rocks-rocks deposited before life supposedly evolved. Coal beds contain round, black lumps called coat balls, some of which contain flowering plants which allegedly evolved 100 million years after the coal bed was formed.i A leading authority on the Grand Canyon even published photographs of horselike hoof-prints visible in rocks that, according to the theory of evolution, predate hoofed animals by more than a hundred million years.j Similar hoofprints are alongside 1000 dinosaur footprints in Virginia.k
Petrified trees in the petrified forest of Arizona contain fossilized nests of bees and cocoons of wasps. The petrified forests are supposedly 220 million years old, while bees (and flowering plants which bees require) supposedly evolved 140 million years later.l Evolutionists and textbooks systematically ignore discoveries which conflict with the evolutionary time scale.
26. Ape-Men?
Stories claiming that fossils of primitive, apelike men have been found are overstated.a
· It is now universally acknowledged that Piltdown man was a hoax, and yet, it was in textbooks for more than forty years.
· Prior to 1978, the evidence for Ramapithecus consisted of a mere handful of teeth and jaw fragments. It is now known that these fragments were pieced together incorrectly by Louis Leakey" and others in a form resembling part of the human jaw.c Ramapithe-cus was just an ape.d (See Figure 9.)
· The only evidence for Nebraska man turned out to be a pig's tooth. (See Figure 10.)
· Eugene Dubois conceded forty years after he discovered Java "man" that it was just a large gibbon. Dubois also admitted that he had withheld parts of four other thigh bones of apes, found in the same area, which supported that conclusion.e
· •The skulls of Peking man are considered by many experts to be the remains of apes that were systematically decapitated and exploited for food by true man.f The classification Homo erectus is considered by most experts to be a category that should never have been created.g
· The first confirmed limb bones of Homo habilis have recently been discovered. They show that this animal clearly had apelike proportionsh and should never have been classified as manlike (Homo).
· The Australopithecines, which were made famous by Louis and Mary Leakey, are quite distinct from humans. Several detailed computer studies of the Australopithecines have shown that their bodily proportions were not intermediate between man and living apes.i Another study of their inner ear bones, that were used to maintain balance, showed a striking similarity with those of chimpanzees and gorillas, but great differences with those of humans. One Australopithecine fossil—a 3 1/2-foot-tall, long-armed, 60-pound adult called Lucy—was initially presented as evidence that all Australopithecines walked upright in a human manner. However, studies of Lucy's entire anatomy, not just a knee joint, now show that this is very unlikely.' She probably swung from the trees' The Austraiopithecines are probably an extinct ape.1
· For about 100 years the world was led to believe that Neanderthal man was stooped and apelike. Recent studies show that this erroneous belief was based upon some Neanderthals who were crippled with bone diseases such as arthritis and rickets.m Neanderthal man, Heidelberg man, and Cro-Magnori man were completely human. Artists' depictions of them, especially of their fleshy portions, are often quite imaginative and are not supported by the evidence.n
27. Fossil Man
Bones of many modern-looking humans have been found deep in rocks that, according to evolution, were formed long before man began to evolve. Examples include the Calaveras skull,a the Castenedolo skeletons,b" Reek's skeleton,c" and many othersd Other remains, such as the Swanscombe skull, the Steinheim fossil, and the Vertesszoilos fossil, present similar problemse These remains are almost always ignored by evolutionists.
