Foot Notes

1.     Manu is regarded as the farmer of the code of Hindu religious and social Laws.  He appears to have been a primitive mythological personage, whose time and character cannot be determined with any certainty in the Vedas he is described as a god, but the writings attributed to him present him as the ancestor and legislator of human race.  This position is, however, claimed for certain other characters as well in the ancient scriptures.  

       Manu Smirti expounds the ancient code of religious and social legislation, although it is attributed also to Go Maharaj, taken as the spiritual successor of Manu.  Nevertheless, it is the oldest tract of Hindu religious and social laws, dating in its present form from about the third century A.D. (Extracted from the writings of Ganga Nath Jha and Dr. Jaiswal who are considered authorities on the history of Hindu law).

  2.     The Babylonian King, author of famous code of laws, and unifier of the Babylonian Empire (c. 2360 B.C.).

  3.     Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 B.C.) became in succession censor, aedile, praetor and consul, subjugated Spain, and disliked and denounced all innovations.

  4.     A town of France on the Saone.  

5.     ‘Abbas Mahmud al-‘Aqqad, Al-Mar’ato fil Qur’an Dar-ul-Hilal, Egypt, n.d., pp. 51-57.  

6.     c.f.  Oldenburg, Buddha, 1906, pp. 169f. and 355f:  

7.      Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh, 1921, Vol. V, p.271.  

8.      Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh, 1921, Vol. V, p.271.  

9.      Universal History of World (ed.) J.A. Hammerton (London) n.d., Vol. I, p. 378.  

10.    Ibid.  

11.    Maryam Jameelah, Islam Versus Ahl al-Kitab, Past and Present, Lucknow, 1983, p. 298.

12.      Univeersal History of the World, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 382.  

13.    Qur’an 4:  124.  

14.    Qur’an 3:  195.  

15.    Qur’an 16:  97.  

16.    Qur’an   33: 35  

 17.   Qur’an   9: 71    

  18.    Qur’an  49: 13

  19.  Several complications listing illustrious Muslim women of different times exist which can be consulted.

   20. Annie Besant, The Life and Teachings of Muhammad, Madras, 1932, p.3.            

 21. N.J. Coulson, Islamic Surveys:  A History of Islamic Law, Edinburgh, 1971, p. 14.                         

  22.  Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics,     Edinburgh,  1912, Vol. V., p. 271.

  23.  Travels of the Moghul Empire by Francois Bernier (AD. 1656-1668)(ed.) Archibald Constable, Westminister, Vol. I, pp. 306-307.